}UHPLJl} <a><Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus Infections</a>: Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), Bovine Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases

Bovine Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease



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This file contains the BIV information for the IALA homepage.
The first component of this file will be a summary of information about BIV, written in more-or-less lay terminology. The second component will be a more defined description of the effects of BIV on cattle - information which has been produced by experimental and field-type investigations. The third component will be a set of published literature citations on various aspects of the BIV infection process. Readers are advised to search other listings of citations (Med-line) for abstracts and additional citations.
Part one: Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has been associated with several disease situations in cattle. The relationship has been proven by several research criteria; however, experimental reproduction of the effect of BIV on the bovine immune system has not been proven.
Investigation of dairy cattle under the normal stress of parturition and early lactation have shown a high incidence of secondary diseases at a well-run University dairy. There have been historical reports of dairy and beef herds having high levels of BIV infection and subsequent losses of many or all animals from the herd.
Part two: After the recognition of a previously unrecognized viral agent recovered from a cow necropsied by Dr. Cameron Seger at Louisiana State University in 1969, several lines of investigation have been pursued. In 1972, Dr. Martin Van Der Maaten, with Dr. Booth and Dr. Seger, reported on the results of infection of calves with the BIV agent. This primary infection resulted in the development of tremendously enlarged hemal lymph nodes in the infected calves. The experiments were short-term and did not allow for the recognition of immune deficiency conditions. After a period of storage, the virus was studied by Dr. Matt Gonda. He determined the molecular nature of the virus and identified it as a lentivirus. All the while, this virus was not given credit for causing a disease process. During the 1980's, all efforts to identify the effect of BIV on the bovine host system in experimental situations were limited in time for up to 2 to 2.5 years, and used young, usually steer, calves as research animals. These calves were in the usual experimental environment and did not have any external stress factors or any other disease processes. Experimental infections of 4 years  73  奷uration were reported, in 1997, to have inconsistent results in immunological test responses.

Following his participation in the postmortem of cow R-29, the first animal to yield the BIV infectious agent, Dr. Gene Luther began to associate the signs of disease in dairy and beef cattle with the presence of BIV infection as identified by serologic detection provided by Dr. Gonda of the NCI, Fredericks, MA. Dr. Luther recognized and provided descriptive charactization of the BIV disease process. In 1991, during and following a severe loss of cows from the Louisiana Experiment Station Dairy at Baton Rouge, Dr. Theron G. (Ron) Snider III associated an immunedeficiency condition and encephalitis with BIV infection. The cows had alteration of lymphoid tissues and cellular inflammatory changes in the brain. Most cattle had multiple disease problems, usually due to common bacterial organisms, usually or probably derived from the local environment. These cows were confirmed to have BIV infection and BIV was identified in the brain by investigators in the NCI laboratory and by Dr. Karen Coats of Mississippi State University using the PCR methodology.
Part three: Relevant, selected publications.
Here will be listed authors, titles, and sources of relevant publications on BIV.


REFERENCES RELATED TO BIV

Amborski GF, Lo JL and Seger CL. Serological detection of multiple retroviral infectons in cattle: bovine leukemia virus, bovine syncytial virus and bovine visna virus. Vet Micro 20:247-253, 1989
Archambault D, Nadin-Davis S, Lutze-Wallace C and Bouillant AMP. Le virus de l'immunodeficience bovine: Mise au point 1990-1992. Vet Res 24:179-187, 1993

Atkinson B, Liu Z-Q, and Wood C. Use of bacterial trpE fusion vectors to express and characterize the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus core protein. J Virol Methods 36:35-49, 1992

Baca LM, Genis P, Kalvakolanu D, Sen G, Meltzer MS, Zhou A, Silverman R and Gendelman HE. Regulation of interferon-inducible cellular genes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes. J Leukocyte Biol 55:299-309, 1994

Battles JK, Hu MY, Rasmussen L, Tobin GJ, and Gonda MA: Immuological characterization of the gag gene products of bovine immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 66:6868-6877, 1992 73 

Belloc C, Polack B, Schwartz-Cornil I, Brownlie J, and Levy D. Bovine Immunodeficiency virus: facts and questions. Vet Res 27:395-402, 1996

Boothe AD and Van Der Maaten MJ. Ultrastructural studies of a visna-like syncytica-producing virus from cattle with lymphocytosis. J Virol 13:197-204, 1974

Braun MJ, Lahn S, Boyd AL, Kost TA, Nagashima K, and Gonda MA. Molecular cloning of biologically active proviruses of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Virol 167, 515-523, 1988

Brownlie J, Collins ME and Heaton P. Disease Update: Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus - a potential cause of disease in cattle. Vet Rec 134:289-291, 1994

Carpenter S, Miller LD, Alexandersen S, Whetstone CA, Van Der Maaten MJ, Viuff B, Wannemuehler Y, Miller JM and Roth JA. Characterization of early pathogenic effects after experimental infection of calves with Bovine Immunodeficiency-like Virus. J Virol 66:1074-1083, 1992

Carpenter S, Nadin-Davis SA, Wannemuehler Y, and Roth JA. Identification of transactivation-response sequences in the long terminal repeat of bovine immuunodeficiency-like virus. J Virol 67:4399-4403, 1993

Chadwick BJ, Coelen RJ, Wilcox GE, Sammels LM, and Kertayadnya G. Nucleotide sequence analysis of Jembrana disease virus: A bovine lentivirus associated with an acute disease syndrome. J Gen Virol 76:1637-1650, 1995

Chen P, Zhen-Qian L, and Wood C: Use of TrpE fusion protein to identify antigenic domains within the BIV envelope protein. J Virol Methods 47:331-343, 1994

Chen Z, Liang C, Liu S and Geng Y. Bovine immunodeficiency viral long terminal repeat in functional in Escherichia coli. Chinese J Virol 12:148-155, 1996

Clements JE and Zink MC. Molecular biology and pathogenesis of animal lentivirus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 9:100-117, 1996

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Cockerell GL, Jensen WA, Rovnak J, Ennis WH and Gonda MA. Sero- prevalence of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus and bovine leukemia virus in a dairy cattle herd. Vet Microbiol 31:109-116, 1992

Detilleux JC, Kehrli ME Jr, Freeman AE, Whetstone CA, and Kelley DH. Two retroviral infections of periparturient Holstein cattle: A phenotypic and genetic study. J Dairy Sci 78:2294-2298, 1995

DiGiacomo RF and Hopkins SG. Food animal and poultry retroviruses and human health. IN:Food Animal Retroviruses, Veterinary Clinics and North America 13:177-190, 1997

Egberink H and Horzinek MC. Animal immunodeficiency viruses. Vet Microbiol 33:311-331, 1992

Evermann JF and Jackson MK. Laboratory diagnostic tests for retroviral infections in dairy and beef cattle. IN:Food Aminal Retroviruses, Veterinary Clinics of North America 13:87-106, 1997

Flaming K, Van Der Maaten MJ, Whetstone C, Carpenter S, Frank D and Roth J. Effect of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus infection on immune function in experimentally infected cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 36:91-105, 1993

Flaming K, Van Der Maaten MJ, Whetstone C, Carpenter S, Frank D, and Roth J. Effect of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus infec tion on immune function in experimentally infected cattle. Vet Immuol Immunopathol 56:27-38, 1997


Foil LD, French DD, Hoyt PG, Issel CJ, Leprince DJ, McManus JM, and Seger CL. Transmission of bovine leukemia virus by Tabanus fuscicostatus. Am J Vet Res 50:1771-1773, 1989

Fong SE, Greenwood JD, Williamson JC, Derse D, Pallansch LA, Copeland T, Rasmussen L, Mentzer A, Nagashima K, Tobin G, and Gonda MA. Bovine immunodeficiency virus tat gene: Cloning of two distinct cDNAs and identification, characterization, and immunolocatization of the tat gene products. Virol 209:604-614, 1995

Fong SE, Pallansch LA, Mikovits, JA, Lackman-Smith CS, Ruscetti FW and Gonda MA. cis-Acting regulatory elements in the bovine immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat. Virol 209:604-614, 1995 73 

Garvey KJ, Oberste MS, Elser JE, Braun MJ, and Gonda MA. Nucleo- tide sequence and genome organization of biolgically active proviruses of the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Virol 175:391-409, 1990

Gonda MA, Wong-Staal F, Gallo R, Clements JE, Narayan O, and Gilden RV. Sequence homology and morphologic similarity of HTLV-III and Visna virus, a pathogenic lentivirus. Science 227:173-177, 1985

Gonda MA, Braun MJ, Carter SG, Kost TA, Bess, Jr JW, Arthur LO, and Van Der Maaten MJ: Characterization and molecular cloning of a bovine lentivirus related to human immunodeficiency virus. Nature 330:388-391, 1987

Gonda MA, Oberste MS, Garvey KJ, Palansch LA, Battles JK, Pifat DY, Bess Jr JW, and Nagashima K. Development of the bovine immuodeficiency-like virus as a model of lentivirus disease. Dev Biol Standards 72:97-110, 1989

Gonda MA, Oberste MS, Garvey KJ, Pallansch LA, Battles JK, Pifat DY and Nagashima K. Contemporary developments in the biololgy of the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Animal Models in Aids, Schellekens H and Horzinek MC, Eds. Elsevier Science Publishers 233-255, 1990

Gonda MA: Bovine Immunodeficiency virus. AIDS 6:759-776, 1992

Gonda MA, Luther DG, Fong SE and Tobin GJ. Bovine immunodeficiency virus: molecular biology and virus-host interactions. Virus Res 32:155-181, 1994

Gonda MA, Fong SE, and Tobin GJ. Bovine immunodeficiency virus: Emerging biololgy of a nonacute pathogenic lentivirus of cattle. Food Microbiol 11:149-160, 1994

Gonda MA. Molecular biology and virus-host interactions of lentiviruses. Ann NY Acad Sci 724:22-42, 1994

Gonda MA: The lentiviruses of cattle. In: Levy, JA. ED., The Retroviridae, Vol. 3, Chap. 3, Plenum Pub. New York, 83-109, 1994


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Gonda MA, Battles JK, Fong SE, Luther DG, Snider III TG, Garvey KJ, Feigenbaum L, and Tobin GJ. Biology of the bovine immunodeficiency virus. IN: Jembrana Disease and the Bovine Lentiviruses. GE Wilcox, S Soeharsono, DMN Dharma and JW Copland, Eds., pp 103-109, 1997

Greenbaum NL. How tat targets TAR: Structure of the BIV peptide-RNA complex. Structure 4:5-9, 1996

Hidalgo G and Bonilla JA. Lymphoproliferation assays in cattle naturally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV). J Vet Med B 43:325-332, 1996

Hidalgo G, Flores M, and Bonilla JA. Detection and isolation of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) in dairy herds in Costa Rica. J Vet Med B 42:155-161, 1995

Hirai N, Kabeya H, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, and Onuma M. Immunomodulative effects of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) - infection and mixed infections of BIV and bovine leukemia virus on sheep. Jpn J Vet Res 44:153-163, 1996

Hirai N, Kabeya H, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, and Onuma M. Detection of antibodies against bovine immunodeficiency-like virus in dairy cattle in Hokkaido. J Vet Med Sci (Japan) 58:455-457, 1996

Hirai N, Xuan S, Ochiai K, and Onuma M. Alteration of immune responses of rabbits infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Microbiol Immuol 38:943-950, 1994

Hopkins SG and DiGiacoma RF. Natural transmission of bovine leukemia virus in dairy and beef cattle. IN:Food Animal Retroviruses, Veterinary Clinics of North America 13:107-128, 1997

Horzinek M, Keldermans L, Stuurman T, Black J, Herrewegh A, Sillekens P, and Koolen M. Bovine immunodeficiency virus: immunochemical characterization and serological survey. J Gen Virol 72:2923-2928, 1991

Isaacson J, Roth JA, Wood C, and Carpenter S. Loss of Gag- specific antibody reactivity in cattle experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Viral Immunol 8:27-36, 1995
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Isaacson J, Whetstone C, Wannemuehler Y, Roth JA, and Carpenter S. Loss of antibody to the major viral protein in cattle experi- mentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. J Immunol 150:234A (Abstract 1336), 1993

Jacobs RM, McCutcheon LJ, Valli VEO and Smith HE. Histopathological changes in the lymphoid tissues of sheep exposed to bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. J Comp Pathol 114:23-30, 1996

Jacobs RM, Pollari FL, McNab WB, and Jefferson B. A serological survey of bovine syncytial virus in Ontario: Associations with bovine leukemia and immunodeficiency-like viruses, production records, and management practices. Can J Vet Res 59:271-278, 1995

Jacobs RM, Smith HE, Gregory B, Valli VEO and Whetstone CA. Detection of multiple retroviral infections in cattle and cross-reactivity of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proteins using bovine and human sera in a western blot assay. Can J Vet Res 56:353-359, 1992

Jacobs RM, Smith HE, Whetstone CA, Suarez DL, Jefferson B, and Valli VEO. Haematological and lymphocyte subset analyses in sheep inoculated with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Vet Res Comm 18:471-482, 1994

Jones TC, Hunt RD, and King NW. VETERINARY PATHOLOGY, Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, 1997, pp 339

Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Barrios M, and Garzaro D: Acquired immune dysfunction in rabbits experimentally infected with an infectious molecular clone of the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV 127). Viral Immunol 8:159-164, 1995

Kashanchi F, Liu ZQ, Atkinson B, and Wood C: Comparative evaluation of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus infection by reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 31:197-210, 1991

Kertayadnya G, Wilcox GE, Soeharsono S, Hartaningsih N, Coelen RJ, Cook RD, Collins ME and Brownlie J. Characteristics of a retrovirus associated with Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. J Gen Virol 74:1765-1773, 1993

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Liang C, Geng Y and Wood C. Transactivation of bovine immunodeficiency virus LTR by the expression of bovine Herpes virus 1 immediate early gene BICPO protein. Chinese J Virol 11:144-150,1995

Lim AC and Barton JK. Targeting the Tat-binding site of bovine immunodeficiency virus TAR RNA with a shape-selective rhodium complex. Bioorganic Medicinal Chem 5:1131-1136, 1997

Martin SJ, O'Neill TP, Bilello JA and Eiseman JL. Lymphocyte transformation abnormalities in bovine immunodeficiency-like virus infected calves. Immunol Let 27:81-84, 1991

McNab WB, Jacobs RM and Smith HE. A serological survey for bovine immunodeficiency-like virus in Ontario dairy cattle and associations between test results, production records and manage- ment practices. Can J Vet Res 58:36-41, 1994

Montelaro RC and Bolognesi DP. Vaccines against retroviruses. IN:The Retroviridiae, Vol 4, Chap 8, Levy, JA, ED, Plenum Pub, NY pp 605-656, 1995

Moore EC, Keil D, and Coats KS. Thermal inactivation of bovine immunodeficiency virus. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:4280-4283, 1996

Muluneh A. Seroprevalence of bovine immunodeficiency-virus (BIV) antibodies in the cattle population in Germany. J Vet Med B 41:679-684, 1994

Nadin-Davis SA, Chang SC, Smith H, and Jacobs RM. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus by polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Meth 42:323-336, 1993

Nash JW, Hanson LA, St. Cyr-Coats K. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus in blood and milk-derived leukocytes by use of polymerase chain reaction. Am J Vet Res 56:445-449, 1995

Nash JW, Hanson LA, St. Cyr-Coats K. Bovine immunodeficiency virus in stud bull semen. Am J Vet Res 56:760-763, 1995

Oberste MS and Gonda MA: Conservation of amino acid sequence motifs in lentivirus Vif proteins. Virus Genes 6:95-102, 1992
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Oberste MS, Williamson JC, Greenwood JD, Nagashima K, Copeland TD and Gonda MA. Characterization of bovine immunodeficiency virus rev cDNAs and identification and subcellular localization of the rev protein. J Virol 67:6395-6405, 1993

Onuma M, Koomoto E, Furuyama H, Yasutomi Y, Taniyama H, Iwai H and Kawakami Y. Infection and dysfunction of monocytes induced by experimental inoculation of calves with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. J AIDS 5:1009-1015, 1992

Onuma M, Ogawa Y and Kawakami Y. An evaluation of the syncytial assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Jpn. J Vet Sci 52:1131-1133, 1990

Osburn BI, et al. Report of the committee on bluetongue and bovine retroviruses. Proc. 93rd Annual Meeting United States Animal Health Association, pp 145-152, 1989

Pallansch LA, Lackman-Smith CS, and Gonda MA. Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus encodes factors which transactivate the long terminal repeat. J Virol 66:2647-2652, 1992

Pifat DY, Ennis WH, Ward JM, Oberste MS and Gonda MA. Persistent infection of rabbits with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. J Virol 66:4518-4524, 1992

Polack B, Schwartz I, Berthelemy M, Belloc C, Manet G, Vuillaume A, Baron T, Gonda MA, Levy D. Serologic evidence for bovine immunodeficiency virus infection in France. Vet Microbiol 48:165-173, 1996

Rassmussen L, Battles JK, Ennis WH, Nagashima K, and Gonda MA. Characterization of virus-like particles produced by a recombinant baculovirus containing the gag gene of the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Virol 178:435-451, 1990

Rasmussen L, Greenwood JD and Gonda MA: Expression of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus envelope glycoproteins by a recombinant baculovirus in insect cells. Virol 186:551-561, 1992

Rovid AH, Carpenter S, Miller LD, Flaming KP, Long MJ, Van Der Maaten MJ, Frank DE, and Roth JA: An atypical T-cell lymphosarcoma in a calf with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus infection. Vet Pathol 33:457-459, 1996
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Rovid AH, Carpenter S, and Roth JA. Monocyte function in cattle experimentally infected with bovine immuodeficiency-like virus. Vet Immunol Immuopathol 45:31-43, 1995

Rovid AH and Roth JA. Enhancement of monocyte migration and phagocytosis by the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus infection. Vet Pathol 33:457-459, 1996

St. Cyr Coats K. Dual infection with bovine immunodeficiency virus and bovine leukemia virus in Mississippi dairy cattle. Vet Rec 136:269-270, 1995

St. Cyr Coats K, Pruett SB, Nash JW and Cooper CR. Bovine immu- nodeficiency virus: incidence of infection in Mississippi dairy cattle. Vet Microbiol 42:181-189, 1994

St. Cyr Coats K, Nash JW, and Hanson LA: Bovine lentivirus (BIV) in pheripheral blood, milk, and seminal leukocytes of cattle: implications for transmission. US Am Health Assoc, 99th Proceed pp 69-80, 1995

Seger CL, Hopkinson M, Ambroski G: Syncytia formation in explants from hyperplastic hemal nodes of cattle serologically negative for bovine leukemia virus. In Bovine leukosis: various methods of molecular virology. Commission of European Communities, Luxembourg pp 357-367, 1977

Smith HE, Jacobs RM and Mallard B. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity in sheep exposed to bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Comp Immun Microbiol Infect Dis 17:29-39, 1994


Snider TG III, Luther DG and Gonda MA. Bovine immunodeficiency virus associated with encephalitis and secondary infections in cattle (Abst). Vet Pathol 30:478, 1993

Snider TG III, Luther DG, Jenny BF, and Gonda MA. Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus infection in Holstein dairy cows. Proceeding: 98th US Animal Health Association, pp 51-52, 1995

Snider TG III, Luther DG, Jenny BF, Hoyt PG, Battles JK, Ennis WH, Balady J, Blas-Machado U, Lemarchand TX and Gonda MA. Encephalitis, lymphoid tissue depletion and secondary diseases associated with bovine immunodeficiency virus in a dairy herd. Comp Immun Microbiol Infect Dis 19:117-131, 1996
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Snider TG III, Hoyt PG, Jenny BF, St Cyr Coats K, Storts RW, Luther DG, and Gonda MA. Natural progression of lymphoid tissue depletion associated with bovine immunodeficiency virus infection (Abst). Vet Pathol 33:594, 1996

Snider III TG, Hoyt PH, Jenny BF, St. Cyr Coats K, Luther DG, Storts RW, Battles JK and Gonda MA. Natural and experimental bovine immunodeficiency virus infection in cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Retroviruses, Johnson R and Pelzer KD, EDS. 13:151-176, 1997

Soeharsono S, Hartaningsih N, Soetrisno M, Kertayadnya G, and Wilcox GE. Studies of experimental Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. I. Transmission and persistence of the infectious agent in ruminants and pigs, and resistance of recovered cattle to re-infection. J Comp Path 103:49-59, 1990

Soeharsonon S, Wilcox GE, Putra AA, Hartaningsih N, Sulistyana K, Tenaya M. The transmission of Jembrana disease, a lentivirus disease of Bos javanicus cattle. Epidemiol Infect 115:367-374, 1995

Suarez D, Van Der Maaten MJ, Wood C and Whetstone, CA. Isolation and characterization of new wild-type isolates of bovine lentivirus. J Virol 67:5051-5055, 1993

Suarez D, Van Der Maaten MJ, Wood C and Whetstone, CA. Improved early and long-term detection of bovine lentivirus by a nested polymerase chain reaction test in experimentally infected calves. Am J Vet Res 56:579-586, 1995

Suarez DL and Whetstone CA: Identification of hypervariable and conserved regions in the surface envelope gene in the bovine lentivirus. Virol 212:728-733, 1995

Suarez DL and Whetstone CA. Size variation within the second hypervariable region of the surface envelope gene of the bovine lentivirus BIV in experimentally and naturally infected cattle. J Virol 71:2482-2486, 1997

Suarez DL and Whetstone CA. Comparison of different PCR tests to detect bovine lentivirus in cell culture and experimentally and naturally infected cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:421-424, 1997


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Tobin GJ, Ennis WH, Clanton DJ, and Gonda MA. Inhibition of bovine immunodeficiency virus by anti-HIV-1 compounds in a cell culture-based assay. Antiviral Res 33:21-31, 1996

Tobin GJ, Sowder RC II, Fabris D, Hu MY, Battles JK, Fenselau C, Henderson LE and Gonda MA. Amino acid sequence analysis of the proteolytic cleavage products of the bovine immunodeficiency virus gag precursor polypeptide. J Virol 68:7620-7627, 1994

Van Der Maaten MJ, Booth AD and Seger CL. Isolation of a virus from cattle with persistent lymphocytosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:1649-1657, 1972

Van Der Maaten MJ and Whetstone CA. Infection of rabbits with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Vet Microbiol 30:125-135, 1992

Venables C, Lysons R, Horigan M, Stagg D, and Dawson M. Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus: Inactivation in milk by pasteurisation. Vet Rec 140:275-277, 1997

Walder R, Kalvatchev Z, Tobin GJ, Barrios MN, Garzaro DJ, and Gonda MA. Possible role of bovine immunodeficiency virus in bovine paraplegic syndrome: evidence from immunochemical, virological and seroprevalence studies. Res Virol 146:313-323, 1995

Whetstone CA, Sayre KR, Dock NL, Van der Maaten MJ, Miller JM, Lillehoj E, and Alexander SS: Examination of whether persistently indeterminate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 western immunoblot reactions are due to serological reactivity with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. J Clin Microbiol 30:764-770, 1992

Whetstone CA, Suarez DL, Miller JM, and Pesch BA, and Harp JA. Bovine lentivirus induces early transient B-cell proliferation in experimentally inoculated cattle and appears to be pantropic. J Virol 71:640-644, 1997

Whetstone CA, Van Der Maaten MJ and Black JW. Humoral immune response to the bovine immunodeficiency-like virus in experimentally and naturally infected cattle. J Virol 64:3557-3561, 1990


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Wilcox GE, Chadwick BJ, and Kertayadnya G. Recent advances in the understanding of Jembrana disease. Vet Microbiol 46:249-255, 1995

Wilcox GE, Kertayadnya G, Hartaningsih N, Dharma DMN, Soeharsono S, and Robertson T. Evidence for a viral aetiology of Jembrana disease in Bali cattle. Vet Microbiol 33:367-374, 1992

Zhang S, Wood C, Xue W, Krukenberg SM, Chen Q, and Minocha HC. Immunosuppression in calves with bovine immunodeficiency virus. Clin Diag Lab Immunol, 4:232-235, 1997

Zhang S, Troyer DL, Kapil S, Zheng L, Kennedy G, Weiss M, Xue W, Wood C, Minocha HC. Detection of proviral DNA of bovine immunodeficiency virus in bovine tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR in situ hybridization. Virol 236:249-257, 1997.

Zhang S, Xue W, Wood C, Chen Q, Kapil S, Minocha HC. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus antibodies in cattle by Western blot assay with recombinant gag protein. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:347-351, 1997

END OF REFERENCES FOR BIV


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